GenerationPMTO Group
Note on provider involvement: This provider has agreed to EIF’s terms of reference, and the assessment has been conducted and published with the full cooperation of the programme provider.
GenerationPMTO (Parenting Through Change) is a parenting programme. It is a targeted-selected and targeted-indicated programme delivered to groups of families of children and young people between the ages of 3 and 18, where there is a risk of developing externalising or internalising behaviour problems. The programme can also be delivered to families where these problems have begun to emerge, and to birth parents of children/youth who are in foster care. It aims to reduce children and young people's behaviour problems, improve their school functioning and social relationships, and prevent involvement in the criminal justice system and substance use. A version of the programme delivered to individual families (rather than to groups of families) is available.
GenerationPMTO refers to a set of parent training interventions developed over fifty years, originating with the theoretical work, basic research, and intervention development of Gerald Patterson and colleagues at Oregon Social Learning Center.
GenerationPMTO can be used in family contexts with children between the ages of 3-18 including two biological parents, single-parent, re-partnered, grandparent-led, and reunification families.
GenerationPMTO is an intervention that aims to help parents strengthen families at all levels by promoting parenting and social skills by preventing, reducing, and reversing the development of moderate to severe conduct problems in children and youth. The intervention has been tailored for specific youth clinical problems, such as externalising and internalising problems, school problems, antisocial behaviour, conduct problems, deviant peer association, theft, delinquency, substance abuse, and child neglect and abuse.
Active teaching approaches are used (e.g., group problem solving, role play, home work assignments, video modeling) to engage parents actively in learning to apply the programme techniques effectively at home.
EIF Programme Assessment
GenerationPMTO Group has evidence of a long-term positive impact on child outcomes through multiple rigorous evaluations.
What does the evidence rating mean?
Level 4 indicates evidence of effectiveness. This means the programme can be described as evidence-based: it has evidence from at least two rigorously conducted evaluations (RCT/QED) demonstrating positive impacts across populations and environments lasting a year or longer.
Please note that the programme has been culturally adapted for first-generation Spanish speaking Latina/o immigrants in the United States. In particular, Study 3 suggests improvements on child internalising behaviours for a culturally adapted and enhanced version of the programme (with two culture-specific sessions added to the programme).
Child outcomes
According to the best available evidence for this programme's impact, it can achieve the following positive outcomes for children:
Supporting children's mental health and wellbeing
Preventing crime, violence and antisocial behaviour
This programme also has evidence of supporting positive outcomes for couples, parents or families that may be relevant to a commissioning decision. Please see About the evidence for more detail.
GenerationPMTO Group
Key programme characteristics
Who is it for?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to the following age-groups:
- Preschool
- Primary school
- Preadolescents
- Adolescents
How is it delivered?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to implementation through these delivery models:
- Group
Where is it delivered?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to its implementation in these settings:
- Out-patient health setting
The programme may also be delivered in these settings:
- Home
- Community centre
How is it targeted?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to its implementation as:
- Targeted selective
- Targeted indicated
Where has it been implemented?
Canada, Chile, Denmark, Iceland, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, United States
UK provision
This programme has not been implemented in the UK.
UK evaluation
This programme’s best evidence does not include evaluation conducted in the UK.
Spotlight sets
EIF includes this programme in the following Spotlight sets:
- Programmes for children with recognised or possible special education needs
GenerationPMTO Group
About the programme
What happens during delivery?
How is it delivered?
- GenerationPMTO Group is delivered in 10-14 sessions of 90-120 minutes each by 2 practitioners, to groups of 12-16 parents.
What happens during the intervention?
- Active teaching approaches are used (e.g., group problem solving, role play, home work assignments, video modeling) to engage parents actively in learning to apply the techniques effectively at home.
What are the implementation requirements?
Who can deliver it?
- Details to be confirmed by the provider.
What are the training requirements?
- Details to be confirmed by the provider.
How are the practitioners supervised?
- Details to be confirmed by the provider.
What are the systems for maintaining fidelity?
- Details to be confirmed by the provider.
Is there a licensing requirement?
Not available
How does it work? (Theory of Change)
How does it work?
- The presumed mediators are parenting practices: coercive parenting practices as disrupters and positive parenting practices promote positive child/youth outcomes. As children become adolescents, peers also become mediators of youth outcomes. The core positive parenting practices are: skill encouragement, limit setting, monitoring/supervision, family problem solving, and positive involvement.
- The program aims to teach parents effective parenting strategies, increase effective parenting, and reduce deviant peer association, which then mediate program effects on positive child/youth outcomes.
- In the short term, the programme aims to reduce children and young people's internalising and externalising behaviour problems.
- In the longer term, the programme aims to reduce police arrests, increase school functioning, improve social relationships, and reduce substance use. Parents show improved marital relationships, a rise out of poverty, and increased socio-economic status.
Intended outcomes
Supporting children's mental health and wellbeing
Preventing child maltreatment
Enhancing school achievement & employment
Preventing crime, violence and antisocial behaviour
Preventing substance abuse
Contact details
Anna Snider
GenerationPMTO
[email protected]
GenerationPMTO Group
About the evidence
This programme has evidence from two rigorously conducted RCTs, with at least one study demonstrating long-term impact, as well as demonstrating impact on assessment measures independent of study participants (not self-reports). Consequently, the programme receives a 4 rating overall.
Study 1a
| Citation: | Forgatch et al., 1999 |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | United States |
| Sample: | 238 divorcing (recently separated) mothers and their sons, aged between 6 and 9 years old. |
| Timing: | Post-test |
| Child outcomes: | Improved child adjustment |
| Other outcomes: | Reduced negative reinforcement Reduced negative reciprocity Improved positive involvement |
| Study rating: | 3 |
Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (1999). Parenting through change: An effective prevention program for single mothers. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 67(5), 711.
Available at
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1999-11785-010
Study design and sample
The first study is a rigorously conducted RCT.
This study involved random assignment of children to GenerationPMTO Group or to no treatment.
This study was conducted in the United States, in a medium-sized city in the Pacific Northwest. The sample included 238 divorcing (recently separated) mothers and their sons, aged between 6 and 9 years old.
Measures
Externalising behaviour was measured using the Teacher Report Form (teacher-report)
Externalising behaviour was measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist (mother-report)
Adaptive functioning was measured using the Teacher Report Form (teacher-report)
Prosocial behaviour was measured using the Chedoke-McMaster Teacher Questionnaire (teacher-report)
Depressive symptoms were measured using the Child Depression Inventory (child self-report)
Depressed mood was measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist (mother-report) and the Chedoke-McMaster Teacher Questionnaire (teacher-report)
Anxiety was measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist (mother-report)
Mother-son problem solving was measured using Structured Interaction Tasks (coded observation).
Findings
This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of parent and child outcomes.
This includes:
- Improved adjustment (child self-report).
Study 1b
| Citation: | Forgatch et al., 2009 |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | United States |
| Sample: | 238 divorcing (recently separated) mothers and their sons, aged between 6 and 9 years old. |
| Timing: | 8.5-year follow-up |
| Child outcomes: | Reduced police arrests |
| Other outcomes: | None measured |
| Study rating: | 3 |
Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., Degarmo, D. S., & Beldavs, Z. G. (2009). Testing the Oregon delinquency model with 9-year follow-up of the Oregon Divorce Study. Development and psychopathology, 21(2), 637-660.
Available at
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f313/8d84582604d6bbadd18dea296dbd0d64b82e.pdf
Forgatch et al., 2009 describes additional outcomes from study 1a described above. In this case:
-
8.5 years after completion of the programme, number of police arrests was measured using administrative data.
-
This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of child outcomes. This includes reduced police arrests.
Study 2
| Citation: | Kjobli et al., 2013 |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | Norway |
| Sample: | 137 families, with children between 2 and 12 years old. Families had contacted an agency at an early stage of problem behaviour development. |
| Timing: | Post-test; 6-month follow-up |
| Child outcomes: |
Improved social competence
Reduced child conduct problems Reduced externalising behaviour problems |
| Other outcomes: | Reduced harsh discipline Improved positive parenting Improved ability to set clear expectations Reduced parental distress |
| Study rating: | 3 |
Kjøbli, J., Hukkelberg, S., & Ogden, T. (2013). A randomized trial of group parent training: Reducing child conduct problems in real-world settings. Behaviour research and therapy, 51(3), 113-121.
Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005796712001775
Study design and sample
The second study is a rigorously conducted RCT.
This study involved random assignment of children to GenerationPMTO Group or to regular services.
This study was conducted in Norway, including a sample of 137 families, with children between 2 and 12 years old. Families had contacted an agency at an early stage of problem behaviour development.
Measures
Child conduct problems were measured using the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (parent-report)
Social competence was measured using the Home and Community Social Behaviour Scales (parent-report and teacher-report)
Anxiety and depression was measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist (parent-report).
Parenting practices were measured using the Parenting Practices Interview (parent-report).
Parental mental distress was measured using the Symptom Checklist (parent-report).
Findings
This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of parent and child outcomes.
This includes, between the beginning of the intervention and 6-months after the intervention was delivered:
- Reduced child conduct problems (parent-report)
- Improved social competence (parent-report)
- Improved social competence (teacher-report)
At 6-month follow-up:
- Reduced child conduct problems (parent-report)
- Reduced externalising behaviour problems (parent-report)
- Improved social competence (parent-report)
Study 3
| Citation: | Parra-Cardona et al., 2017 |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | United States |
| Sample: | 103 families where parents are first-generation, Spanish speaking Latina/o immigrants, with children between 4 and 12 years old, experiencing financial adversity. |
| Timing: | Post-test; 6-month follow-up |
| Child outcomes: | Reduced internalising behaviour problems |
| Other outcomes: | Improved encouragement Improved discipline and limit setting Improved supervision Improved family problem solving Improved positive involvement |
| Study rating: | 2+ |
Parra-Cardona, J. R., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., Rodríguez, M. M. D., Tams, L., & Bernal, G. (2017). Examining the impact of differential cultural adaptation with Latina/o immigrants exposed to adapted parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(1), 58.
Available at
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fccp0000160
Study design and sample
The third study is an RCT.
This study involved random assignment of children to one of three groups: 1) a culturally adapted version of GenerationPMTO, 2) a culturally adapted and enhanced version of GenerationPMTO, with two additional culture-specific sessions, and 3) a wait-list control group.
This study was conducted in the United States, with a sample of 103 families where parents are first-generation, Spanish speaking Latina/o immigrants, with children between 4 and 12 years old, experiencing financial adversity.
Measures
Parenting skills were measured using the the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (parent self-report).
Child internalising behaviours were measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist (parent-report).
Child externalising behaviours were measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist (parent-report).
Findings
This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of parent and child outcomes.
This includes:
- Improved child internalising behaviours, for the culturally adapted and enhanced version of GenerationPMTO, with two additional culture-specific sessions
The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are limited by methodological issues pertaining to a lack of clarity around whether the treatment and control group have continued to be equivalent on baseline characteristics after attrition, hence why a higher rating is not achieved.
Other studies
The following studies were identified for this programme but did not count towards the programme's overall evidence rating. A programme receives the same rating as its most robust study or studies.
Amador Buenabad, N. G., Sánchez Ramos, R., Díaz Juárez, A. D., Gutiérrez López, M. d. L., Ortiz Gallegos, A. B., González Ortega, T. G., . . . Villatoro Velázquez, J. A. (2019). Cluster randomized trial of a multicomponent school-based program in Mexico to prevent behavioral problems and develop social skills in children. Frontiers, Online first 3 December. doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09535-3 - This reference refers to a randomised control trial, conducted in Mexico.
Bjørknes, R., Kjøbli, J., Manger, T., & Jakobsen, R. (2012). Parent training among ethnic minorities: Parenting practices as mediators of change in child conduct problems. Family Relations, 61(1), 101-114 - This reference refers to a randomised control trial, conducted in Norway.
Bjørknes, R., & Manger, T. (2013). Can parent training alter parent practice and reduce conduct problems in ethnic minority children? A randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science, 14(1), 52-63 - This reference refers to a randomised control trial, conducted in Norway.
Chamberlain, P., Feldman, S. W., Wulczyn, F., Saldana, L., & Forgatch, M. S. (2016). Implementation and evaluation of linked parenting models in a large urban child welfare system. Child Abuse and Neglect, 53, 27-39 - This reference refers to a quasi-experimental design, conducted in the USA.
Gewirtz, A., & Davis, L. (2014). Parenting practices and emotion regulation in National Guard and Reserve families: Early findings from the After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools/ADAPT study. In Military deployment and its consequences for families (pp. 111-131). Springer, New York, NY - This reference refers to a pre-post study, conducted in the USA.
Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D. S., Lee, S., Morrell, N., & August, G. (2015). Two-year outcomes of the Early Risers prevention trial with formerly homeless families residing in supportive housing. Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 29(2), 242–252 - This reference refers to a randomised control trial, conducted in the USA.
Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D. S., & Zamir, O. (2018). After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools: One year outcomes of an evidence-based parenting program for military families. Prevention Science, 19, 589-599 - This reference refers to a randomised control trial, conducted in the USA.
Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D. S., & Zamir, O. (2016). Effects of military parenting program on parental distress and suicidal ideation: After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools. Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviors, 46(S1), S23-S31 - This reference refers to a randomised control trial, conducted in the USA.
Published April 2024