PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum
Note on provider involvement: This provider has agreed to EIF’s terms of reference, and the assessment has been conducted and published with the full cooperation of the programme provider.
The PATHS® Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum promotes emotional and social competencies and reduces aggression and behaviour problems in preschool/kindergarten-aged children, while simultaneously enhancing the educational process in the classroom.
This overall curriculum is designed to be used by educators and counsellors in a multi-year, universal prevention model. It is delivered in preschool and school settings, and was primarily developed as a universal programme.
The PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum assists educators and counsellors in early education to create an environment that helps young children between the ages of three and six years. The curriculum provides preschool and primary school teachers with systematic, developmentally-based lessons, materials and instructions for teaching their students emotional literacy, self-control, social competence, positive peer relations, and interpersonal problem-solving skills. A key objective of promoting these developmental skills is to prevent or reduce behavioural and emotional problems.
EIF Programme Assessment
PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum has evidence of a short-term positive impact on child outcomes from at least one rigorous evaluation.
What does the evidence rating mean?
Level 3 indicates evidence of efficacy. This means the programme can be described as evidence-based: it has evidence from at least one rigorously conducted RCT or QED demonstrating a statistically significant positive impact on at least one child outcome.
This programme does not receive a rating of 4 as it has not yet replicated its results in another rigorously conducted study, where at least one study indicates long-term impacts, and at least one uses measures independent of study participants.
What does the plus mean?
The plus rating indicates that this programme has evidence from at least one level 3 study, along with evidence from other studies rated 2 or better.
Note: This rating is based on the findings of evaluations from the USA. A study from the UK is included in this report for information (study 3). The findings of this study are mixed; however, it does not actively inform the EIF assessment as other evidence is more robust.
A rating of 1 indicates that a programme has a low cost to set up and deliver, compared with other interventions reviewed by EIF. This is equivalent to an estimated unit cost of less than £100.
Child outcomes
According to the best available evidence for this programme's impact, it can achieve the following positive outcomes for children:
Supporting children's mental health and wellbeing
Enhancing school achievement & employment
This programme also has evidence of supporting positive outcomes for couples, parents or families that may be relevant to a commissioning decision. Please see About the evidence for more detail.
PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum
Key programme characteristics
Who is it for?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to the following age-groups:
- Preschool
- Primary school
How is it delivered?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to implementation through these delivery models:
- Group
Where is it delivered?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to its implementation in these settings:
- Children's centre or early-years setting
The programme may also be delivered in these settings:
- Primary school
How is it targeted?
The best available evidence for this programme relates to its implementation as:
- Targeted selective
Where has it been implemented?
England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, United Kingdom, United States, Wales
UK provision
This programme has been implemented in the UK.
UK evaluation
This programme’s best evidence does not include evaluation conducted in the UK.
Spotlight sets
EIF does not currently include this programme within any Spotlight set.
PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum
About the programme
What happens during delivery?
How is it delivered?
- The PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum is delivered over two years in 44 sessions of 20-30 minutes’ duration each by preschool or primary school teachers to groups/classes of children.
What happens during the intervention?
- PATHS lessons include instruction in identifying and labelling feelings, expressing feelings, assessing the intensity of feelings, managing feelings, understanding the difference between feelings and behaviours, delaying gratification, controlling impulses, reducing stress, self talk, reading and interpreting social cues, understanding the perspectives of others, using steps for problem-solving and decision-making, having a positive attitude towards life, self-awareness, non-verbal communication skills and verbal communication skills.
- The sessions are interactive and include a variety of activities including role plays, group discussions, and games.
What are the implementation requirements?
Who can deliver it?
- The practitioner who delivers this programme is a classroom teacher with QCF-6 level qualifications.
What are the training requirements?
- The practitioners have 14 hours of programme training. Booster training of practitioners is recommended.
How are the practitioners supervised?
- It is recommended that practitioners are supervised by one programme developer supervisor (qualified to QCF-6 level).
What are the systems for maintaining fidelity?
Programme fidelity is maintained through the following processes:
- Training manual
- Other printed material
- Face-to-face training
- Fidelity monitoring
- In-class coaching support
Is there a licensing requirement?
There is no licence required to run this programme.
How does it work? (Theory of Change)
How does it work?
- For early years and primary school age, children’s emotional awareness, self-control (self-regulation), and interpersonal problem-solving skills are key mediators of socially competent outcomes (low behaviour problems, good mental health, good peer relations, and engagement in learning at school).
- The PATHS curriculum is focused on teaching students skills to (1) become more aware of and be able to label their own emotions, (2) be able to take others’ points of view and assess others’ emotions, (3) use new strategies for self-control (regulation) to be able to calm down, (4) use new interpersonal problem-solving strategies to develop and carry out effective plans for interpersonal and school-related challenges.
- In the short term children will have better accuracy in labelling and discussing their own and others’ emotions. They will be better able to calm down and self-regulate when upset or distressed, have improved abilities to describe interpersonal problems and generate and carry out effective solutions, and will be able to communicate positively with peers and adults. Overall, this will lead to high teacher ratings and observations of social and emotional competence.
- In the longer term, children will show lower rates of behaviour problems, lower rates of internalising problems, and show improvements in engagement and attention in the classroom.
Intended outcomes
Supporting children's mental health and wellbeing
Enhancing school achievement & employment
Preventing crime, violence and antisocial behaviour
Contact details
Mairead Ewart
Barnardos
[email protected]
PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum
About the evidence
PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum's most rigorous evidence comes from a number of RCTs that were conducted in the USA.
The first study is a rigorously conducted RCT. This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of child outcomes.
The second study is an RCT. This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of child outcomes. The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are limited by methodological issues pertaining to unclear baseline equivalence on outcome variables, a lack of clarity in terms of attrition, and the treatment condition not being modelled at the level of assignment, which is why a higher rating is not achieved.
This programme has evidence from at least one rigorously conducted RCT along with evidence from an additional comparison group study, and so it receives a 3+ rating overall.
Note: This rating is based on the findings of evaluations from the USA. A study from the UK is included in this report for information (study 3). The findings of this study are mixed; however, it does not actively inform the EIF assessment as other evidence is more robust.
Study 1
| Citation: | Morris et al (2014) |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | United States |
| Sample: | 1,088 children between four and five years old (average 4.42 years old), recruited from Head Start centres |
| Timing: | Post-intervention |
| Child outcomes: |
Improved social problem-solving
Improved knowledge of emotions Improved work-related skills |
| Other outcomes: | None measured |
| Study rating: | 3 |
Morris, P., Mattera, S. K., Castells, N., Bangser, M., Bierman, K., & Raver, C. (2014). Impact findings from the Head Start CARES Demonstration: National evaluation of three approaches to improving preschoolers’ social and emotional competence. Executive Summary. OPRE Report 2014-44. MDRC.
Available at
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED546649
Study design and sample
The first study is a rigorously conducted RCT. The study was a cluster RCT, with randomisation at the level of Head Start centre. Centres were randomly to one of four groups – Incredible Years, PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum, Tools of the Mind, and a business-as-usual control.
The study was conducted in preschool settings across the USA. Children were between four and five years old (average 4.42). The majority of the sample was Hispanic or African American, with the average monthly household income at approximately $1,800 and with 59% of the sample families receiving food stamps.
Measures
Children were assessed in terms of their executive functioning (direct assessment measures – head-to-toes task and pencil tap task), their behaviour regulation (teacher and parent-reports on the Behaviour Problems Index, and teacher-reports of work-related skills on the Cooper-Farran Behavioral Rating Scales) and their emotion knowledge/social problem-solving skills (direct assessment measures including the facial emotions identification task, the emotions situations task and the challenging situations task; teacher and parent reports on the Social Skills Rating Scale, and teacher-reports on the Cooper-Farran Behavioral Rating Scales).
Finally, children’s pre-academic skills were measured using a series of direct assessments (the Woodcock-Johnson III Letter-word Identification Subscale, the Woodcock-Johnson III Applied Problems Subscale and the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test); in addition the teacher-reported Academic Rating Scale was also used to assess early literacy, math and general knowledge skills. In addition, Head Start teachers were assessed in terms of their attitudes and practices.
Findings
This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of child outcomes. At post-test, there were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups favouring the intervention group on children’s knowledge of emotions (the facial emotions identification task and the emotions situation task – direct assessment measures), and children’s social problem-solving skills (the challenging situations task – a direct assessment measure). Finally, improvements are identified on the Cooper-Farran Behavioral Rating Scale work-related skills subscale (teacher report).
In terms of teacher outcomes, there were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups, favouring the intervention group on positive behaviour management and social-emotional instruction in terms of emotion modelling, emotion expression, emotion regulation, social awareness, social problem-solving and provision of interpersonal support (Adapted Teaching Style Rating Scale – expert observation). In addition, significant effects were found on teacher’s instructional support, including concept development and quality of feedback (Classroom Assessment Scoring System Preschool Version – expert observation).
Study 2
| Citation: | Domitrovich et al (2007) |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | United States |
| Sample: | 292 children between three and four years old (average age 4.2 years) |
| Timing: | Post-intervention |
| Child outcomes: |
Improved social and emotional skills relating to interpersonal relationships and emotion regulation (parent-report)
Improved social skills (teacher-report) Reduced social withdrawal (teacher-report) Improved receptive emotion vocabulary (direct assessment) Improved emotion expression knowledge and anger bias (direct assessment) |
| Other outcomes: | None measured |
| Study rating: | 2 |
Domitrovich, C. E., Cortes, R. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (2007). Improving young children’s social and emotional competence: A randomized trial of the Preschool PATHS Curriculum. Journal of Primary Prevention, 28(2), 67–91.
Available at
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10935-007-0081-0
Study design and sample
The second study was a cluster RCT with randomisation at the level of preschool classroom. Classrooms were randomly assigned to PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum or to a wait-list control.
The study was conducted in preschool settings across the USA. Children were between four and five years old (average 4.2). The majority of the sample was African American and European-American. All children were accessing Head Start early education services.
Measures
Child receptive emotion vocabulary was measured using the Kusche Emotional Inventory (direct assessment). Children’s emotion expression and anger bias were assessed using the Assessment of Children’s Emotions Scales (direct assessment). Children’s affective perspective-taking skills were assessed using the Denham Puppet Interview (direct assessment). Inhibitory control was measured using the day/night task and the Tapping test (direct assessments). Children’s visual-spatial memory and attention were assessed using the Leiter-Revised Assessment Battery (direct assessment).
Children’s behaviour and social skills were assessed using the challenging situations task (direct assessment) and the Preschool and Kindergarten Behaviour Scales (teacher-report). The Head Start Competence Scale (parent report) was used to assess children’s social and emotional skills that reflect interpersonal relationships and emotion regulation.
Findings
This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of child outcomes. At post-test, there were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups, favouring the intervention group on receptive emotion vocabulary, emotion expression knowledge and anger bias, social and emotional skills relating to interpersonal relationships and emotion regulation, improved social skills, and reduced social withdrawal.
Study 3a
| Citation: | Little et al (2012) |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | United Kingdom |
| Sample: | 5,397 primary school children between the ages of four and six |
| Timing: | Post-intervention |
| Child outcomes: | |
| Other outcomes: | None measured |
Little, M., Berry, V., Morpath, L., Blower, S., Axford, N., Taylor, R., Bywater, T., Tobin, K. (2012). The impact of three evidence-based programmes delivered in public systems in Birmingham, UK. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 260–272.
Available at
http://ubijcv.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/index.php/ijcv/article/view/263
Study design and sample
The third study is a rigorously conducted RCT. The study was a cluster RCT, with randomisation at the level of the school. Schools were randomly assigned to an intervention (Family Nurse Partnership, Incredible Years, Triple P, or PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum) or a wait-list control group.
This study was conducted in Birmingham, UK. Children in the sample were between the ages of four and six at baseline.
Measures
Behavioural difficulties were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (teacher-report). In addition, the PATHS Teacher Rating Survey was used to assess a range of behavioural problems (teacher-report).
Findings
Data were collected after 12 months (after the first year of PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum), and then again at 24 months, after a second year of the PATHS curriculum. Note that for the assessment of PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum, we are primarily interested in the 12-month post-baseline results.
This study identified statistically significant positive impact on a number of child outcomes. At post-test, there were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups favouring the intervention group on 6 out of 11 subscales of the PATHS Teacher Rating Survey, namely: social competence, aggression, inattention-hyperactivity, impulsivity-hyperactivity, peer problems, and learning behaviours.
Study 3b
| Citation: | Berry et al (2016) |
|---|---|
| Design: | RCT |
| Country: | United Kingdom |
| Sample: | 5,397 primary school children between the ages of four and six |
| Timing: | Post-intervention |
| Child outcomes: | |
| Other outcomes: | None measured |
Berry, V., Axford, N., Blower, S., Taylor, R. S., Edwards, R. T., Tobin, K., Bywater, T. (2016). The effectiveness and micro-costing analysis of a universal, school-based, social–emotional learning programme in the UK: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. School Mental Health, 8(2), 238–256.
Available at
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12310-015-9160-1
This paper describes additional outcomes from study 3a described above. In this case:
- During the first year of PATHS Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum (ie six-months after pre-intervention measurement), the teacher-pupil relationship was measured using the Teacher-Pupil Observation Tool.
- At six-month post-baseline, significant differences favouring the intervention group were identified on teacher positive behaviours, negative class behaviour to teacher and off-task class behaviour.
Other studies
The following studies were identified for this programme but did not count towards the programme's overall evidence rating. A programme receives the same rating as its most robust study or studies.
Little, M., Berry, V., Morpath, L., Blower, S., Axford, N., Taylor, R., … Tobin, K. (2012). The impact of three evidence-based programmes delivered in public systems in Birmingham, UK. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 260–272 - This reference refers to a randomised control trial, conducted in the UK.
Published April 2024